Figures
Figure 1. Forest plot: weight change (kg). The forest plot illustrates the random-effects meta-analysis model for weight change (kg) associated with GLP-1 RAs among people with HIV. Values are presented as effect sizes (dunbiased) and 95% confidence intervals. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; GLP-1 RAs: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; RE: random effects.
Figure 2. Forest plot: BMI change. The forest plot illustrates the random-effects meta-analysis model for BMI change associated with GLP-1 RAs among people with HIV. Values are presented as effect sizes (dunbiased) and 95% confidence intervals. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; GLP-1 RAs: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; BMI: body mass index; RE: random effects.
Figure 3. Forest plot: HbA1c change. The forest plot illustrates the random-effects meta-analysis model for HbA1c change associated with GLP-1 RAs among people with HIV. Values are presented as effect sizes (dunbiased) and 95% confidence intervals. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; GLP-1 RAs: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; RE: random effects.
Figure 4. Moderator effect sizes for weight (kg). The forest plot illustrates the random-effects meta-analysis model for moderators of weight change (kg) associated with GLP-1 RAs among people with HIV. Values are presented as effect sizes (dunbiased) and 95% confidence intervals. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; INSTI: integrase strand transfer inhibitor; GLP-1 RA: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; RE: random effects.
Figure 5. Moderator effect sizes for BMI. The forest plot illustrates the random-effects meta-analysis model for moderators of BMI change associated with GLP-1 RAs among people with HIV. Values are presented as effect sizes (dunbiased) and 95% confidence intervals. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; INSTI: integrase strand transfer inhibitor; BMI: body mass index; GLP-1 RA: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; RE: random effects.
Figure 6. Moderator effect sizes for HbA1c. The forest plot illustrates the random-effects meta-analysis model for moderators of HbA1c change associated with GLP-1 RAs among people with HIV. Values are presented as effect sizes (dunbiased) and 95% confidence interval. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; INSTI: integrase strand transfer inhibitor; BMI: body mass index; GLP-1 RA: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; RE: random effects.
Table
Table 1. Characteristics of Included Studies
| Study | Nazarenko, 2024 [24] | Cattaneo et al, 2025 [25] | Saeedi et al, 2015 [26] | Behuhuma et al, 2025 [27] | Lloyd et al, 2023 [28] | Lake et al, 2024 [22] | Eckard et al, 2024 [20] | Nguyen et al, 2024 [23] | Haidar et al, 2024 [21] | Bottanelli et al, 2024 [19] |
|---|
| aControlled study. BMI: body mass index; CT: clinical trial; DG: dulaglutide; EX: exenatide; LG: liraglutide; RS: retrospective study; SG: semaglutide; T2D: type 2 diabetics; TZ: tirzepatide; N/A: not available; INSTI: integrase strand transfer inhibitor; GLP-1 RA: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist. |
| Study type | RS | RS | RSa | CT | RS | CT | CTa | RS | RS | RS |
| Subjects with HIV | 180 | 25 | 62 | 40 | 15 | 49 | 54 | 227 | 222 | 15 |
| Duration (months) | 25.38 | 7.53 | 6 | 2.76 | N/A | 5.5 | 7.4 | 13.9 | 12 | 12 |
| T2D (%) | 82.0 | 100.0 | 51.6 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 56.9 | 77.0 | 100.0 |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | N/A | 28.1 | N/A | 39 | N/A | 35.5 | 32.4 | 34.2 | 35.5 | 30.2 |
| Male (%) | 51.67 | 74.00 | 91.90 | 3.00 | 86.70 | 57.10 | 70.40 | 82.20 | 83.80 | 86.70 |
| Female (%) | 48.33 | 26.00 | 8.10 | 97.00 | 13.30 | 36.70 | 29.60 | 17.80 | 16.20 | 13.30 |
| Mean age | 58.2 | 65 | 55 | 38 | 56 | 50.7 | 50 | 54.1 | 52.8 | 58.1 |
| INSTI (%) | N/A | 100.00 | 30.50 | 100.00 | 86.60 | 82.00 | 83.00 | 74.90 | 82.40 | 33.30 |
| GLP-1 RA | SG 50.5%; LG 4%; DG 45.5% | SG 32%; LG 8%; DG 52%; EX 8% | LG 100% | LG 100% | DG 73.3%; SG 13.3%; LG 13.3% | SG 100% | SG 100% | SG 59.2%; LG 3.1%; DG 30.7%; EX 0.9%; TZ 6.2% | SG 100% | SG 20%; LG 33.3%; DG 46.7% |